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The CVSA PR campaign in Canada is receiving new, and more thoughtful, attention:

Controversial device popular with public, private employers While the tests are becoming increasingly popular, accuracy is questioned
By David Baines, Vancouver Sun March 12, 2011

  Bob Wall (far right) and Don Wiebe test a subject using a device called a computer voice stress analyzer. While Wall and Wiebe claim an accuracy rate of 98 per cent or better, other studies have shown the device to do no better than pure chance.Photograph by: Darren Stone, Postmedia News Files, Vancouver Sun

First in a series

Public and private agencies are using a "truth verification" device that has been discredited by numerous authorities as a tool to screen hundreds of job applicants in B.C.

The tests are being administered by ITV Consulting Inc., a Victoria firm that licenses the Canadian rights to the Computerized Voice Stress Analyzer (CVSA) from a U.S. company.

As stated on ITV's website, the device "measures small frequency modulations in the voice. These inaudible variations, when detected, measured and displayed, accurately determine the truthfulness of each statement elicited from a test subject."

ITV is owned and operated by two retired Saanich police detectives, Don Wiebe and Bob Wall. An active Saanich member, Det. Sgt. Craig Sampson, is also listed as a staff member.

ITV's clients include:

- B.C. Corrections branch, which administers the province's correctional facilities and programs. The branch says ITV has conducted 645 CVSA tests to pre-screen job applicants during the past three years.

- University of Victoria campus security department, which says ITV has conducted about 50 similar tests on prospective employees during the past five years.

- Sundry financial institutions, which hire ITV to conduct tests on employees who are suspected of internal malfeasance. ITV says it has conducted 15 to 20 such tests.

ITV claims the device can definitively tell whether a person is lying: "The finished session is evaluated by the computer, rendering its findings of 'deception' or 'no deception,' removing any possibility of examiner error, as well as providing a completely objective examination," it states on its website.

The firm recommends the device be used in conjunction with "the expert interrogation techniques used and taught by ITV."

"Used in this manner, clinical studies show the accuracy score of our product to be 98 per cent with no inconclusives," it states.

This is an impressive statement. If true, the CVSA is the holy grail of lie detectors. However, there is little scientific evidence to support this claim, and much to repudiate it.

In a 2007 study funded by the U.S. Department of Justice, researchers used two voice stress analyzers systems - including the CVSA device used by ITV consulting - to quiz people who had just been arrested about their recent drug use, then compared their answers with the results of urine tests.

"Both VSA programs show poor validity -neither program efficiently determined who was being deceptive about recent drug use. The programs were not able to detect deception at a rate any better than chance," the study concluded.

It added: "The data also suggest poor reliability for both VSA products when we compared expert and novice interpretations of the output."

In other words, the expertise of the examiner didn't matter.

More generally, the researchers noted that "no published research studies have demonstrated that VSA programs can distinguish between 'general' stress and the stress related to being deceptive."

Despite numerous studies that make similar conclusions, voice stress analyzers have become very popular, particularly in the United States since the September 2001 terrorist attack on New York City.

The firm that licenses the device to ITV, the National Institute of Truth Verification (NITV), located in West Palm Beach, Fla., claims it is "used by 1,800 local, state and federal agencies, as well as by U.S. Military Special Operations and Intelligence units."

The popularity of the device, combined with its questionable accuracy, raises the question: How many false readings does it generate and, as a result, how much harm does it do?

"The people we have done it for are very pleased with it. We have had no issues in all the years I have done it," Wiebe said in an interview. "I believe in its ability to detect deception ... If I didn't have 100-percent confidence in the CVSA, I wouldn't be using it."

In any event, he said, the tests are voluntary, and job applicants are never disqualified on the basis of a CVSA "without something to back it up."

The tests are, strictly speaking, voluntary. But if you want to apply to the Saanich police force or the B.C. Corrections branch, they are mandatory. They are not mandatory at UVic, but refusal is a factor that is "weighted" against the applicant, says campus security director Peter Zacour.

Wiebe was introduced to the CVSA device in 2002, while he was still working as a Saanich police detective. He conducted a six-month study, using it for both criminal investigations and pre-employment screening, and came up with some stunning results:

"The CVSA has been used 35 times and it has shown a 100-per-cent accuracy rate. All the tests conducted have either had the results confirmed by investigation or confession," he stated in his report.

"In 21 CVSA examination that resulted in deceptive results, 17 of the subjects have admitted to the allegations. This would be an 86-per-cent confession rate, which is extraordinarily high. The other four deceptive results were confirmed by investigation."

Wiebe said the device was also used to screen prospective police members: "This has resulted in three quality candidate being hired and one possible candidate being denied due to pre-and post-test admissions during the examination. I believe that as a result we are getting a higher calibre of recruits ..."

The report included summaries of each case. Many are not as conclusive as Wiebe's report suggests. For example, he describes how tests were conducted on two people who had access to stolen drugs at a handicapped facility.

"The male was tested and showed that he was telling the truth and he was not involved in the theft of the narcotics.

"The female who was initially cooperative refused to take a test when offered the chance.

"Further information provided by the same male and other staff members showed that the female had a drug addiction problem and was suspected of stealing other items.

"The female no longer works for the facility."

As described, there is nothing remotely scientific about this case study. It is strictly anecdotal. A firm conclusion (that the device worked) was made on the basis of circumstantial evidence (that other people said she did it).

Reputable agencies in the United States, meanwhile, were conducting their own studies, and coming to quite opposite conclusions.

In November 2003, the Virginia Department of Professional and Occupational Regulation published a report entitled Study of the Utility and Validity of Voice Stress Analyzers.

The report noted there had been "no scientific studies conducted, to date, to measure the validity of the computer stress analyzer to detect deception."

"Manufacturers contest that their computer stress analyzers are 100 per cent accurate and effective by producing testimonials as a foundation to their claims, but this is not widely accepted as scientific validity."

The report said the U.S. Department of Defence Polygraph Institute -which is mandated by the U.S. Congress to study new lie detection technologies -had conducted a series of studies that "produced no evidence that the use of the CVSA provides accuracy rates better than chance."

The defence department also noted that a study conducted by the U.S. National Research Council "indicated accuracy rates at or below chance levels, and low levels of reliability, both being necessary cornerstones for a successful diagnostic tool."

Notwithstanding the dearth of scientific support for the device, Saanich police -based on Wiebe's report -decided to adopt it for both criminal investigations and screening new police recruits.

Wiebe soon realized he could not only use the device for police investigation purposes, but also for private commercial purposes.

In 2004, while still working for the Saanich police force, he began marketing CVSA testing services and interrogation techniques to other police forces, government agencies and financial institutions.

The following year, he incorporated ITV Consulting, through which he now markets these services. He was later joined by Wall, who became a business partner and co-director of ITV. In February 2008, they both retired from the police force and began working full time for the firm. At some point, Sampson, who is head of Saanich's major crimes section, became associated with the firm.

As a Saanich police officer and certified CVSA examiner, Sampson conducts pre-employment screening tests for the force.

When he is not available, the force hires ITV to screen prospective applicants. To date, ITV has conducted seven such tests, all in 2009.

Sampson also contracts his services to ITV on an as-needed basis. (He has written permission from the Saanich Police Board to perform this outside work and, in any event, he does not do any work for ITV that involves Saanich police.)

Insp. Rob McColl, who is head of Saanich's detective division (and Sampson's boss) said the force stopped using the CVSA device for criminal investigations in 2007, not because they lost faith in its ability to detect lies, but because the RCMP installed a polygraph operator in Victoria, which made it more economical to use that device.

He said Saanich police still use the CVSA device to screen prospective recruits.

I asked McColl whether he has seen any scientific study to support ITV's claim that the device is 98-per-cent accurate.

"Personally, no," he replied. "I have no technical data to back it up or take issue with it. My view of these instruments [polygraphs and CVSA devices] is that any of them are only as good as the operators. It's a tool we use, and in my view, it's an effective tool."

I asked Wiebe to show me the "clinical studies" that show the device is 98-per-cent accurate, as he advertises on his website.

To my surprise, he said he had never seen any of them. He said he simply took the claim at face value from the National Institute of Truth Verification, the Florida company that manufactures the device and sold ITV the licensing rights in Canada.

NEXT: We learn that the founder of the National Institute of Truth Verification, Dr. Charles Humble, earned his PhD in a strip mall in Indiana after six hours of bible study.


Read more:
http://www.vancouversun.com/news/Controversial+device+popular+with+public+privat...

From the facebook discussion group: Find Lindsay Buziak's Murderers @ https://www.facebook.com/pages/Find-Lindsay-Buziaks-Murderers/306153774041

Second in a series about Saanich, British Columbia police and investigators and the discredited CVSA device. Charles Humble, Don Wiebe, Bob Wall, Craig Sampson, D Glenn Foster and more.

‘Father’ of voice stress analysis got PhD after six hours of bible study at strip mall
By David Baines, Vancouver Sun columnist March 14, 2011

Second in a series

The National Institute of Truth Verification, a private company based in West Palm Beach, Fla., claims that its Computerized Voice Stress Analyzer is 98-per-cent effective in detecting whether somebody is telling the truth.

The tests — which purport to measure voice stress and, therefore, deception — are offered in Canada by ITV Consulting Inc., a Victoria company run by two former Saanich police detectives, Don Wiebe and Bob Wall.

Since the company was founded in 2005, ITV has administered hundreds of test for public and private employers in B.C.

The B.C. Corrections branch, which administers the province’s correctional facilities and programs, says ITV has conducted 645 CVSA tests to screen job applicants during the past three years.

The University of Victoria campus security department says ITV has conducted about 50 similar tests on prospective security personnel during the past five years.

Sundry financial institutions have also used ITV to test employees who are suspected of internal malfeasance. ITV says it has conducted 15 to 20 such tests.

Saanich police also use the device to screen prospective recruits.

On its website, ITV states that clinical studies show the device, used in conjunction with the “expert interrogation techniques used and taught by ITV,” is 98-per-cent accurate “with no inconclusives.”

However, when I asked Wiebe for scientific proof, he was unable to provide any. He said he was simply relying on NITV, from which it licenses the rights to sell the device and administer the tests in Canada.

NITV lists as its founder Charles Humble, “widely considered the ‘father’ of modern day voice stress analysis.”

Humble is a former U.S. army officer and Indianapolis police officer. In March 2006, he was the subject of an ABC Primetime News expose.

Pressed by ABC reporter Brian Ross, Humble admitted he got his “doctorate” in psychology from an unaccredited university, Indiana Christian University — which at the time was located in the same strip mall that NITV had its office — after just six hours of bible study.

“And you call yourself ‘Dr.’ Humble based on that?” Ross asked.

“Yes,” Humble replied.

“Is that honest, do you think?”

“I think it is.”

NITV must also think it’s honest, because it continues to refer to him as “Dr.” Humble, and he is still listed as an NITV director.

I asked Wiebe what he thought when Humble provided details of his doctorate:

“I thought it was a personal thing on him. I didn’t think it had anything to do with the CVSA itself,” he said.

During the ABC interview, Humble repeated the 98-per-cent accuracy claim.

Ross asked whether there had been an independent study to corroborate that.

“I don’t believe that there has been an independent scientific study that shows this actually works,” Humble admitted.

It does not appear that any corroborating studies have been done since the ABC interview. NITV lists 15 “studies validating voice stress analysis,” but they all predate the interview. Wondering whether any studies had been done 
since the interview, I called NITV’s office in West Palm Beach. A short while later, I received a call from somebody who introduced himself as “professor emeritus” Jim Chapman.

Chapman said he has “no real connection” to NITV. However, he is a director — along with Wiebe and several other certified CVSA examiners — of the National Association of Computerized Voice Stress Analysts.

The association is dedicated to promoting the CVSA device. Given that NITV is the “manufacturer and sole source” for the device, the association essentially acts as NITV’s promotional arm.

Chapman told me he has just completed a 19-year study confirming that the CVSA device is 96.4-per-cent accurate. He also said the study has been peer reviewed, but when I asked for a copy, he said it has not yet been published, and until it is, he could not provide one.

When I asked whether he could refer me to any other study confirming a 98-per-cent accuracy rate, as advertised by NITV, he suddenly became quite angry:

“You are a dangerous man,” he said. “What you are doing is putting people’s lives in jeopardy. I resent that you are trying to put U.S. troops and people in [criminal enforcement] in jeopardy by casting aspersions [on the CVSA device.]”

One of the studies referenced on both NITV’s and ITV’s websites was conducted in 2005 by the U.S. air force Research Laboratory on behalf of the U.S National Institute of Justice.

That study — which analyzed recorded interviews and was not peer reviewed — found that voice stress analyzers are capable of detecting truth or deception at a rate “better than chance.”

However, the researchers dismissed the notion that these devices, by themselves, are lie detectors. The accuracy rate, they found, was also a function of the examiner’s experience.

“VSA systems are capable of providing an examiner with a waveform or other response that may be a reasonable reflection of the stress level being experienced by the subject, in a majority of the cases,” they stated.

But they said the critical leap — equating that stress to deception — is something the examiners should decide, not only with reference to the stress reading, but also the subject’s demeanour “and other evidence from the  case.”

The researchers’ heavy emphasis on subjective elements is at odds with ITV’s claim that the CVSA examination is completely objective.

On its website, the company claims CVSA readings are evaluated by computer “removing any possibility of examiner error, as well as providing a completely objective examination.”

The researchers concluded: “The goal in using a VSA system or polygraph should be to convince the subject that they cannot deceive the operator, and that the instrument will detect their deception and their best avenue is to confess to the crime.”

In other words, the instrument should be used to intimidate subjects and, given the high number of false readings, fool them into telling the truth.

Clearly, any black box could do that.


dbaines@vancouversun.com

Read David Baines’ blog at vancouversun.com/baines

http://www.vancouversun.com/news/Father+voice+stress+analysis+after+hours+bible+...

http://www.vancouversun.com/Saanich+police+stop+using+controversial+detector+dev...
 
Saanich police to stop using controversial lie detector device

UVic security also reconsidering its use of ‘voice stress analyzer’ to screen prospective employees, but B.C. Corrections stays course

By David Baines, Vancouver Sun April 6, 2011   

In March, I reported that several public and private organizations in B.C. are using a controversial lie detector device to screen prospective employees.
 
I am now pleased to report that the Saanich police department is discontinuing its use of this very dubious device and the University of Victoria campus security department is considering dumping it. 
 
The biggest user, however — the B.C. Corrections branch — appears to be standing pat.
 
The device is called the Computerized Voice Stress Analyzer. It claims to be able to detect deception by measuring voice modulations. 
 
CVSA tests are offered in B.C. by ITV Consulting Inc., a Victoria firm run by two former Saanich police detectives, Don Wiebe and Bob Wall. 
 
ITV also contracts Craig Sampson, current head of Saanich’s major crimes section, to conduct tests on an as-needed basis.
 
ITV states on its website that clinical studies show the device is 98-per-cent accurate “with no inconclusives.” 
 
However, when I asked Wiebe to show me these studies, he said he has never seen any. 
 
He said he is simply taking the word of the U.S. company that developed the CVSA device and licenses the marketing rights to ITV.
 
That company is called the National Institute of Truth Verification. It is based in West Palm Beach in Florida and was founded by “Dr.” Charles Humble, who obtained his doctorate from a diploma mill in Indiana after six hours of bible study.
 
NITV was also unable to provide me with any clinical studies to back up its 98-per-cent accuracy claim. I did find, however, several credible studies showing that the machine is wrong just as much as it is right, which not only renders it useless, it makes it potentially dangerous.
 
Even though there is little or no scientific justification for using it, the Saanich police force uses it as a screening device for all potential applicants. Applicants who refuse to take it are disqualified.
 
Saanich has its own CVSA machine, a legacy from Wiebe’s days as a Saanich detective. Sampson, as an active Saanich police member, conducts these tests for the force. On his own time, he conducts tests for ITV clients.
 
Those clients include the University of Victoria campus security department, which uses the tests as a device to screen prospective hires. Applicants are told the tests are optional, but refusal will be weighted against them.
 
During the last five years, ITV has conducted 25 tests for the UVic security department on a contract basis. (UVic earlier told me ITV had conducted about 50 tests during that period, but now says the figure is half that).
 
By far the biggest user is the B.C. Corrections branch. CVSA tests are mandatory for anybody applying for a correctional officer job at a provincial custody centre. During the last three years, ITV has conducted 645 tests for the branch. 
 
All three organizations — Saanich police, UVic and B.C. Corrections — say they do not rely exclusively on the CVSA test results to make hiring decisions. They say the test is just one of many tools and stages in the hiring process.
 
The test is also used to intimidate subjects into telling the truth, which suggests that any black box would do the job, as long as the subject can be convinced that it can detect lies.
 
In the absence of any scientific evidence the device works, it seems clear that if the employer places any material weight on the test results, it is placing the applicant in unreasonable jeopardy.
Since my series was published, Saanich police have advised they intend to phase out CVSA tests as a screening tool.
 
“We are going to transition away from CVSA,” Sgt. Dean Jantzen, who handles communications for the Saanich police, said in a telephone interview.
 
Jantzen said the sergeant in charge of recruiting proposed last year, in writing, that the force move to polygraph testing to be consistent with other police forces. (Saanich police made no mention of this proposal when I talked to them last month.)
 
Jantzen said prospective recruits usually apply to several different police departments, so it makes sense to submit them to only one test. And since all the other police forces in B.C. use the polygraph, it makes sense for Saanich to use it, too.
 
(Polygraphs also have questionable reliability, but that’s another story.)
 
Meanwhile, ITV has removed all mention of Sampson from its website. “That was Craig’s decision,” said Jantzen. “The department didn’t ask him; that was a personal decision. He told me he hasn’t done any work for them [ITV] in the last three years. Whether he is still involved is his personal business.”
 
The UVic campus security department is also reviewing its CVSA testing policy. Peter Zacour, who is in charge of that department, said that, as a result of my columns, “we are reviewing the process we are using to hire people.”
 
B.C. Corrections, meanwhile, appears to be staying the course. I asked the branch whether it is making or contemplating any changes to its CVSA testing policy:
 
“While the branch is not contemplating any changes at this time, we continue to review our hiring practices on an ongoing basis to ensure we are utilizing the best tools available which enable us to hire the most suitable candidates.”
 
Then I asked the acid question: “Does the branch believe that the device itself has any ability to detect truth or deception? If so, on what basis does it hold that belief?”
 
Here is the answer I received: 
 
“CVSA is one of many tools that B.C. Corrections uses to assess the potential suitability of a candidate.”
 
Yes, yes, we know that.
 
“CVSA measures stress levels in an applicant’s responses, helping to identify inconsistencies during the interview process.”
 
Well, that’s the theory, for sure. What’s the evidence?
 
“There are multiple steps in B.C. Corrections’ screening process for new employees and the CVSA interview is intended to complement those other steps. The results of a CVSA interview are never the sole reason an applicant is disqualified.”
 
So, there you have it. A complete non-answer. I believe the branch made no attempt to answer the question because it can’t. There is little or no evidence to support the proposition that this device works, and much to refute it.
 
Alarmingly, the branch, by its own account, has used this device to disqualify applicants. 
 
In May 2006, Tedd Howard, then warden of the Prince George Regional Correction Centre, wrote a letter of recommendation for ITV stating that, during the previous year, 52 applicants had been tested with the CVSA device.
 
“Of the 52 applicants, 16 were screened out as unsuitable that would otherwise have been hired,” he stated. The clear implication is that they were disqualified as a result of the CVSA tests.
(Howard has since been promoted to deputy provincial director of the branch, in charge of capital projects.)
 
I find this whole “truth verification” business quite Orwellian. That view is shared by Lorna Fadden, who obtained her doctorate in forensic linguistics from Simon Fraser University and now consults for law enforcement agencies and legal counsel on cases involving language evidence.
 
“There is no actual proven correlation between vocal stress and telling a truth or lie,” she told me in an earlier email.
 
She advised any applicant who suspects they have been rejected on the basis of the CVSA test to “lawyer up.” I think this is excellent advice.
 

dbaines@vancouversun.com


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