PolyBS,
I think that your failed polygraph "test" with a local police department is not likely to result in your being blacklisted, except, perhaps (and perhaps not), locally.
If you apply for other public employment that does not require a seance with a polygrapher, then I don't think there could be any legal or moral obligation on your part to disclose the polygraph results. However....
Other agencies with which you apply for employment may ask about recent applications with other agencies. If you mention the one that has branded you a liar, it would presumably be prejudicial. Moreover, if you apply for an agency that requires polygraph "testing," you can be fairly confident that your polygrapher is going to ask you about any prior polygraph "tests" to which you may have submitted. Admitting to having failed in the past may be highly prejudicial.
With regard to what recourse you have, it would be prudent to contest the polygrapher's slur in writing and to demand a second "test." You can probably request the results under any public information access law that may have been enacted in your state. For example, in my state, California, such records may be requested under the
California Public Records Act.
For some ideas regarding how to procede in appealing the polygraph results, see Chapter 5 of
The Lie Behind the Lie Detector. You wrote, "My values are shaken to the core and I'm wondering how I've been so naive." Same thing happened to me and many others who participate in the discussions here on AntiPolygraph.org. The problem isn't with your values, it's with the values of those in government who are willing to cynically destroy the reputations and careers of innocent persons on the basis of a pseudoscientific fraud (polygraphy) because they find it expedient to do so. I hope you'll consider working with us to expose (and end) polygraph waste, fraud, and abuse.
If you haven't yet learned how polygraph testing really works (you can be sure that your polygrapher lied to you about it), see Chapter 3 of
The Lie Behind the Lie Detector.